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Exposed Twice: AI, Labor, and the Public Purse

AI and Public Finance · Türkiye Most of the debate about AI and labor markets is a debate about workers. Almost none of it is about the entity standing quietly behind every payroll. Moving from employment-share exposure to labor-tax-revenue exposure changes which occupations matter — and which policies do. Results draw on ongoing joint work with Dhushyanth Raju applying the Richmond (2026) AI transition framework to Türkiye's 2024 Household Labour Force Survey Most of the debate about AI and labor markets is a debate about workers: who gets displaced, who gets augmented, who gets retrained. Almost none of it is about the entity standing quietly behind every payroll: the treasury. Governments in most middle- and high-income countries raise roughly half of their revenue from labor — personal income tax plus social security contributions. If AI-driven capital deepening shifts factor income from labor toward capital, that base erodes at precisely the ...
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The Labor Market Impacts of AI in Türkiye: Beyond Occupational Exposure Analysis

Beyond Exposure AI and Labor Markets · Türkiye Occupational exposure to AI identifies where technology may affect work, but not whether employment will contract, reorganize, or expand. Applying the Richmond (2026) AI Jobs Transition Framework to Türkiye's 2024 Household Labour Force Survey, the dominant high-exposure archetype is not automation. It is reorganization. Mpumelelo Nxumalo and Dhushyanth Raju · Summary of the working paper Beyond Exposure: AI and Labor Market Reorganization in Türkiye Most discussion of AI and jobs runs on a single number: how much of an occupation's task content a model can perform. That number identifies where technology reaches. It does not say what happens next. An exposed occupation may shed workers, or it may keep them while the work itself is rebuilt around the technology. Those are different outcomes, they call for different policy, and exposure alone cannot tell them apart. Applying the Richmond (202...

Tensions and Global Supply Chain Restructuring

Executive Summary Between 2017 and 2025, U.S. trade policy underwent two dramatic transformations. The 2018-19 trade war elevated tariff rates from 1.5% to 6% . Then in 2025, tariffs spiked to 52% before reversing to 13% . China's import share collapsed from 21.6% to 8.7% , while Mexico and Vietnam captured market share across all categories. Part I: The Tariff Timeline 2017 Baseline: Era of Low Tariffs U.S. average tariff rate: 1.5% — lowest in modern history Reflected decades of trade liberalization through WTO framework 2018-19 Trade War: First Escalation July 2018: First Section 301 tariffs (25% on $34B Chinese imports) → rate jumps to 2.8% ...

Pricing Carbon in Maryland: An Open-Source Toolkit for State Climate Policy

Maryland has committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions 60% by 2031 and reaching net zero by 2045 — among the most ambitious climate targets of any U.S. state. But setting a target is the easy part. The hard part is designing a carbon pricing system that actually works: one that cuts emissions, generates revenue for the clean energy transition, and protects the communities that can least afford higher energy costs. That is what this toolkit is built to do. Figure 1: Maryland total CO 2 emissions, 2000–2021 (Source: FRED) What it does The Maryland Carbon Pricing Toolkit is a set of four Python scripts that take you from raw federal data to a complete policy analysis in minutes. It pulls real emissions data from two public APIs — the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) service for state-level CO 2 t...

Lost in the Warehouse: "General" vs. "Special" Trade Systems in Turkey-Germany Trade

Methodological Deep Dive Unraveling the Turkey-Germany asymmetry through the lens of trade data standards (GTS vs. STS). In bilateral trade, the math should be simple: what Country A reports as an export to Country B should theoretically match what Country B reports as an import. In practice, however, these numbers rarely align perfectly. I analyzed the trade relationship between Turkey (Reporter: Export) and Germany (Partner: Import) to quantify this "Asymmetry Gap." Using Databricks and PySpark, I processed annual trade records to distinguish between systemic reporting differences and massive, commodity-specific anomalies. Methodology Data Source UN Comtrade mont...